1/248 aaa 09-07 19:01:34-09-07 19:01:36 What are the three things that Chinese wealthy people have?
2/248 09-07 19:01:34-09-07 19:01:38 The answer is to register a company in the Cayman Islands.
3/248 hp 09-07 19:01:35-09-07 19:01:36 Possess a passport from a small country,
4/248 n 09-07 19:01:36-09-07 19:01:38 Establish a family trust.
5/248 bg 09-07 19:01:37-09-07 19:01:46 These three items each have their own function.
6/248 hp 09-07 19:01:38-09-07 19:01:38 Foreign companies can save taxes by going public.
7/248 aaa 09-07 19:01:38-09-07 19:01:46 Foreign passports can leave the country at any time.
8/248 09-07 19:01:39-09-07 19:01:46 Offshore family trust protects assets.
9/248 09-07 19:01:40-09-07 19:01:46 Over the past two decades,
10/248 n 09-07 19:01:41-09-07 19:01:46 In China, a successful private entrepreneur.
11/248 hp 09-07 19:01:41-09-07 19:01:46 Whether it's real estate or the internet,
12/248 09-07 19:01:42-09-07 19:01:52 Once a business has gone public, it will invariably follow t...
13/248 de 09-07 19:01:44-09-07 19:01:52 However,
14/248 bg 09-07 19:01:47-09-07 19:01:52 These three pieces are not very stylish anymore.
15/248 09-07 19:01:47-09-07 19:01:52 July 24, 2026.
16/248 aaa 09-07 19:01:48-09-07 19:01:52 The Ministry of Finance of China issued Announcement No. 21,
17/248 09-07 19:01:49-09-07 19:01:52 This content, which is less than 300 words long,
18/248 n 09-07 19:01:50-09-07 19:01:52 Plug and play.
19/248 hp 09-07 19:01:50-09-07 19:01:52 The document, which came into effect today, requires...
20/248 xss 09-07 19:01:52-09-07 19:02:20 The equity appreciation in offshore family trusts, where the...
21/248 bg 09-07 19:01:53-09-07 19:01:59 Pay the overdue tax in one go.
22/248 09-07 19:01:54-09-07 19:01:59 For a long time,
23/248 09-07 19:01:55-09-07 19:01:59 A so-called myth is circulating in the wealthy circles of Ch...
24/248 hp 09-07 19:01:56-09-07 19:01:59 That is, no matter what the domestic environment is like.
25/248 aaa 09-07 19:01:56-09-07 19:01:59 As long as the assets are placed in an offshore trust,
26/248 de 09-07 19:01:57-09-07 19:02:04 This money, even if it's put in a safe,
27/248 n 09-07 19:01:58-09-07 19:01:59 Now, you can rest assured.
28/248 09-07 19:01:59-09-07 19:02:04 However, starting from July 24th,
29/248 bg 09-07 19:01:59-09-07 19:02:04 This myth has also been shattered.
30/248 09-07 19:02:01-09-07 19:02:04 This is not a targeted crackdown on anyone.
31/248 09-07 19:02:02-09-07 19:02:12 Instead, it represents the most significant rewriting of rul...
32/248 hp 09-07 19:02:03-09-07 19:02:04 To figure out why this new regulation is being redefined,
33/248 n 09-07 19:02:04-09-07 19:02:04 Now I understand how the Asta Trust helps wealthy people eva...
34/248 aaa 09-07 19:02:04-09-07 19:02:12 In a nutshell,
35/248 bg 09-07 19:02:06-09-07 19:02:15 Offshore means registering your company's legal entity and a...
36/248 09-07 19:02:07-09-07 19:02:15 Aside from operating and paying taxes,
37/248 n 09-07 19:02:08-09-07 19:02:12 Generally, it refers to the Cayman Islands.
38/248 de 09-07 19:02:09-09-07 19:02:15 The British Virgin Islands and places like St. Croix have so...
39/248 hp 09-07 19:02:10-09-07 19:02:12 It is very friendly to the wealthy,
40/248 09-07 19:02:10-09-07 19:02:20 Like corporate tax,
41/248 aaa 09-07 19:02:12-09-07 19:02:15 Inheritance tax,
42/248 09-07 19:02:13-09-07 19:02:17 There is also capital gains tax.
43/248 hp 09-07 19:02:14-09-07 19:02:15 Almost negligible,
44/248 n 09-07 19:02:15-09-07 19:02:20 Even zero.
45/248 bg 09-07 19:02:16-09-07 19:02:24 Offshore Trust is simply putting the shell of "offshore" aro...
46/248 aaa 09-07 19:02:16-09-07 19:02:20 Your assets are located in the same location as your trustee...
47/248 09-07 19:02:17-09-07 19:02:25 The entire architecture is located outside my area of jurisd...
48/248 hp 09-07 19:02:18-09-07 19:02:21 It sounds like a mystery.
49/248 de 09-07 19:02:20-09-07 19:02:28 In essence, it's about separating ownership and beneficiary ...
50/248 09-07 19:02:21-09-07 19:02:25 A small, self-absorbed Larhu often thinks to himself...
51/248 n 09-07 19:02:21-09-07 19:02:25 Whose property is, belongs to them.
52/248 aaa 09-07 19:02:22-09-07 19:02:25 Who is responsible.
53/248 09-07 19:02:23-09-07 19:02:30 But the trust is exactly opposite.
54/248 xss 09-07 19:02:24-09-07 19:02:40 The principal entrusts his property to the agent.
55/248 hp 09-07 19:02:25-09-07 19:02:28 The trustee is usually a professional trust company.
56/248 bg 09-07 19:02:25-09-07 19:02:28 Legally speaking,
57/248 aaa 09-07 19:02:26-09-07 19:02:28 After completing this step,
58/248 09-07 19:02:27-09-07 19:02:33 This money will no longer belong to the client.
59/248 n 09-07 19:02:28-09-07 19:02:30 Instead, it is under the control of a trustee.
60/248 09-07 19:02:28-09-07 19:02:36 The beneficiary is usually only identified by their name.
61/248 hp 09-07 19:02:29-09-07 19:02:33 The beneficiaries are those who, according to the terms of t...
62/248 de 09-07 19:02:30-09-07 19:02:36 The person who receives money regularly.
63/248 bg 09-07 19:02:31-09-07 19:02:40 Of course, the beneficiary is not necessarily the person who...
64/248 aaa 09-07 19:02:33-09-07 19:02:36 It can also be someone he designates.
65/248 n 09-07 19:02:34-09-07 19:02:36 For example, children.
66/248 09-07 19:02:34-09-07 19:02:40 This seems a bit contradictory.
67/248 09-07 19:02:35-09-07 19:02:40 A person gives money to another.
68/248 hp 09-07 19:02:36-09-07 19:02:40 This is the safest approach.
69/248 09-07 19:02:37-09-07 19:02:48 But it's precisely this kind of behavior,
70/248 aaa 09-07 19:02:39-09-07 19:02:40 Woven a safe protective net.
71/248 n 09-07 19:02:39-09-07 19:02:40 Think about it,
72/248 de 09-07 19:02:40-09-07 19:02:48 Since this property is no longer in your possession,
73/248 bg 09-07 19:02:41-09-07 19:02:48 So, when I divorce my spouse in the future,
74/248 09-07 19:02:42-09-07 19:02:48 It's just a matter of natural division.
75/248 hp 09-07 19:02:44-09-07 19:02:48 The same goes for the other one.
76/248 aaa 09-07 19:02:45-09-07 19:02:48 The property is not owned by your company.
77/248 n 09-07 19:02:45-09-07 19:02:48 In case your company is ever sued by creditors,
78/248 09-07 19:02:46-09-07 19:03:00 It's the same as when creditors apply to freeze assets.
79/248 xss 09-07 19:02:48-09-07 19:03:13 I think it's more likely that this money never even made it ...
80/248 bg 09-07 19:02:49-09-07 19:02:55 Instead, stay in the Cayman Islands or another dazzling gem ...
81/248 09-07 19:02:50-09-07 19:02:55 Applicable to local trust laws.
82/248 aaa 09-07 19:02:51-09-07 19:02:55 If the case is decided by a domestic court,
83/248 n 09-07 19:02:51-09-07 19:02:55 Even if you try to force it, it's not effective.
84/248 09-07 19:02:52-09-07 19:03:00 What truly makes wealthy Chinese people feel secure is not t...
85/248 hp 09-07 19:02:54-09-07 19:02:55 Its biggest value is that it was previously inaccessible to ...
86/248 de 09-07 19:02:55-09-07 19:03:05 Actually, the Chinese government was not unaware of this mon...
87/248 bg 09-07 19:02:56-09-07 19:03:05 Because China had already joined the CRS common reporting st...
88/248 09-07 19:02:56-09-07 19:03:05 This is a mechanism for automatic exchange of tax informatio...
89/248 aaa 09-07 19:02:57-09-07 19:03:00 This mechanism allows domestic tax authorities to obtain inf...
90/248 n 09-07 19:02:58-09-07 19:03:00 So the problem is not whether you know or don't know,
91/248 hp 09-07 19:03:00-09-07 19:03:05 Instead, it's about whether to intervene or not, and what th...
92/248 09-07 19:03:01-09-07 19:03:05 As long as this money remains overseas,
93/248 n 09-07 19:03:02-09-07 19:03:05 Trust, not to move.
94/248 aaa 09-07 19:03:04-09-07 19:03:05 Will not return to the Chinese mainland.
95/248 09-07 19:03:05-09-07 19:03:17 Therefore, according to the past tax laws, there is no speci...
96/248 bg 09-07 19:03:05-09-07 19:03:10 Therefore, for wealthy individuals in China,
97/248 09-07 19:03:06-09-07 19:03:10 It's like getting an unlimited toll pass.
98/248 hp 09-07 19:03:07-09-07 19:03:10 Actually,
99/248 n 09-07 19:03:07-09-07 19:03:10 The U.S. government began implementing the "Fat Card Act" as...
100/248 09-07 19:03:08-09-07 19:03:13 Require global financial institutions to disclose informatio...
101/248 de 09-07 19:03:09-09-07 19:03:21 And the countries that participate in the CRS global tax inf...
102/248 aaa 09-07 19:03:10-09-07 19:03:13 This is in accordance with international conventions.
103/248 bg 09-07 19:03:11-09-07 19:03:13 Undisputed.
104/248 09-07 19:03:11-09-07 19:03:21 July 24, 2026
105/248 hp 09-07 19:03:12-09-07 19:03:13 This announcement from the Chinese Ministry of Finance,
106/248 n 09-07 19:03:13-09-07 19:03:17 It's like welding the window shut, making it impossible to o...
107/248 09-07 19:03:14-09-07 19:03:17 He's been caught.
108/248 bg 09-07 19:03:15-09-07 19:03:21 He no longer expects you to transfer the money back home.
109/248 hp 09-07 19:03:15-09-07 19:03:17 Amount,
110/248 aaa 09-07 19:03:16-09-07 19:03:17 Start collecting taxes,
111/248 xss 09-07 19:03:17-09-07 19:03:35 Instead, the tax levy is shifted to every stage of trust ope...
112/248 hp 09-07 19:03:18-09-07 19:03:21 Once you put your equity in real estate into a trust,
113/248 09-07 19:03:19-09-07 19:03:27 The tax authorities will then recognize this as a taxable pr...
114/248 aaa 09-07 19:03:19-09-07 19:03:21 After that, the trust will be distributed according to the n...
115/248 n 09-07 19:03:20-09-07 19:03:21 Pay 20% of the income tax on property transfer.
116/248 09-07 19:03:21-09-07 19:03:31 If you put money in a trust and bought stocks,
117/248 bg 09-07 19:03:22-09-07 19:03:27 And generated cash dividends and stock dividends.
118/248 09-07 19:03:22-09-07 19:03:31 Then you still have to pay personal income tax at a rate of ...
119/248 hp 09-07 19:03:23-09-07 19:03:27 In the past,
120/248 n 09-07 19:03:24-09-07 19:03:27 The little tricks that rich people use to get more money,
121/248 aaa 09-07 19:03:25-09-07 19:03:27 The logic that money is safe as long as it's kept in a trust...
122/248 de 09-07 19:03:25-09-07 19:03:35 From July 24th, it has been out of service.
123/248 bg 09-07 19:03:28-09-07 19:03:35 This reminds me of the couple Pan Shiyi and Zhang Xin.
124/248 09-07 19:03:28-09-07 19:03:31 The year 2005,
125/248 n 09-07 19:03:29-09-07 19:03:31 Before Soho China's IPO, the couple pulled off a move that m...
126/248 aaa 09-07 19:03:30-09-07 19:03:31 Pan Shiyi transferred all of his equity to his American-born...
127/248 hp 09-07 19:03:31-09-07 19:03:35 Ten days after Zhang Xin,
128/248 09-07 19:03:31-09-07 19:03:39 Zhang Xin put almost all the equity into one.
129/248 09-07 19:03:32-09-07 19:03:35 In the family trust of the Cayman Islands,
130/248 09-07 19:03:33-09-07 19:03:45 Pan Shiyi completely disappeared from the company's equity a...
131/248 n 09-07 19:03:34-09-07 19:03:35 He even joked that he was a peasant from the countryside.
132/248 aaa 09-07 19:03:35-09-07 19:03:39 This operation was once considered a classic.
133/248 bg 09-07 19:03:36-09-07 19:03:39 Twenty years have passed,
134/248 hp 09-07 19:03:36-09-07 19:03:39 The profits and asset appreciation in Soho China have been c...
135/248 09-07 19:03:37-09-07 19:03:45 And inside, the Zero-Shenbao has not paid a single penny in ...
136/248 n 09-07 19:03:38-09-07 19:03:39 In the past, Zhang Xin deliberately kept her American citize...
137/248 xss 09-07 19:03:39-09-07 19:04:07 This seemingly perfect plan, which has been in place for the...
138/248 de 09-07 19:03:39-09-07 19:03:45 The sense of security that came from the information gap bet...
139/248 aaa 09-07 19:03:40-09-07 19:03:45 It has basically been completely erased.
140/248 bg 09-07 19:03:41-09-07 19:03:45 The announcement states that...
141/248 09-07 19:03:42-09-07 19:03:45 Even if you are a foreigner,
142/248 n 09-07 19:03:44-09-07 19:03:45 Or individuals who have obtained overseas long-term residenc...
143/248 hp 09-07 19:03:45-09-07 19:03:51 As long as the source of economic benefits remains within Ch...
144/248 bg 09-07 19:03:45-09-07 19:03:51 Can be considered as residents with a fixed residence.
145/248 09-07 19:03:46-09-07 19:03:51 Individual.
146/248 aaa 09-07 19:03:48-09-07 19:03:51 In simple terms,
147/248 09-07 19:03:49-09-07 19:04:02 As long as your company's main income and core assets are in...
148/248 de 09-07 19:03:50-09-07 19:03:55 Soho, Zhang Xin definitely has a US passport.
149/248 n 09-07 19:03:51-09-07 19:03:52 Soho China is the core asset and main source of income for S...
150/248 09-07 19:03:51-09-07 19:03:58 I haven't left China in the past twenty years.
151/248 hp 09-07 19:03:52-09-07 19:03:55 According to some media estimates,
152/248 bg 09-07 19:03:53-09-07 19:04:02 Pan Shiyi's family had to pay back taxes ranging from 20 bil...
153/248 09-07 19:03:54-09-07 19:03:58 The time spent writing, plus any potential profits and losse...
154/248 aaa 09-07 19:03:55-09-07 19:03:55 Some estimates suggest that Pan Shiyi may have to pay up to ...
155/248 n 09-07 19:03:55-09-07 19:03:58 A few days ago, Xu Jia-yin, who was publicly judged by the S...
156/248 aaa 09-07 19:03:56-09-07 19:03:58 In fact, he had already established a family trust worth $23...
157/248 hp 09-07 19:03:57-09-07 19:03:58 The result is that the Hong Kong High Court has issued a una...
158/248 de 09-07 19:03:58-09-07 19:04:07 Include this foreign trust in the scope of liquidation and t...
159/248 09-07 19:03:58-09-07 19:04:07 In the eyes of the court,
160/248 hp 09-07 19:03:59-09-07 19:04:02 This firewall is not impenetrable.
161/248 n 09-07 19:04:00-09-07 19:04:02 A dramatic scene also occurred with Zongfuli from Wahaha.
162/248 aaa 09-07 19:04:01-09-07 19:04:02 After his father's passing,
163/248 09-07 19:04:02-09-07 19:04:07 Before his death in February 2024,
164/248 bg 09-07 19:04:02-09-07 19:04:13 The original plan was to set aside $7 million for each of th...
165/248 hp 09-07 19:04:05-09-07 19:04:07 Total of twenty-one billion dollars in real estate trust.
166/248 n 09-07 19:04:05-09-07 19:04:07 But before this procedure was completed,
167/248 aaa 09-07 19:04:06-09-07 19:04:07 Old Zong has passed away.
168/248 09-07 19:04:07-09-07 19:04:13 Eighteen out of the twenty-one billion dollars.
169/248 09-07 19:04:08-09-07 19:04:13 Currently, it is legally registered under the name of Jianha...
170/248 09-07 19:04:08-09-07 19:04:13 The only shareholder and director of this company is Zhong F...
171/248 hp 09-07 19:04:09-09-07 19:04:13 That is to say,
172/248 de 09-07 19:04:10-09-07 19:04:13 This money is legally,
173/248 aaa 09-07 19:04:12-09-07 19:04:13 It's not even a formal trust.
174/248 n 09-07 19:04:13-09-07 19:04:14 Therefore, there were only three siblings and a roommate who...
175/248 xss 09-07 19:04:13-09-07 19:04:32 They are arguing about how to define this amount of money.
176/248 bg 09-07 19:04:14-09-07 19:04:21 Who should be the master of this property?
177/248 09-07 19:04:15-09-07 19:04:21 Should I follow my late father's wishes and complete the tru...
178/248 hp 09-07 19:04:17-09-07 19:04:21 This case happened to coincide with the 21st fiscal year.
179/248 09-07 19:04:18-09-07 19:04:21 A regulation in the announcement,
180/248 aaa 09-07 19:04:19-09-07 19:04:21 Whether this trust has been formally established or not,
181/248 09-07 19:04:19-09-07 19:04:28 As soon as the property enters into the estate,
182/248 de 09-07 19:04:20-09-07 19:04:28 This may trigger tax obligations.
183/248 n 09-07 19:04:21-09-07 19:04:28 And the announcement is clear,
184/248 bg 09-07 19:04:22-09-07 19:04:32 Even if a person transfers property through another or other...
185/248 09-07 19:04:24-09-07 19:04:28 But as long as the property is out of control,
186/248 09-07 19:04:25-09-07 19:04:28 It's you,
187/248 aaa 09-07 19:04:25-09-07 19:04:28 Then, it's like you are yourself.
188/248 hp 09-07 19:04:26-09-07 19:04:32 Place the assets in a separate account.
189/248 09-07 19:04:28-09-07 19:04:36 If the Hong Kong Court of Final Appeal ultimately rules that...
190/248 09-07 19:04:29-09-07 19:04:35 The $18 million will be treated as Mr. Zong's unpaid income ...
191/248 n 09-07 19:04:30-09-07 19:04:32 I've heard that someone has made a rough estimate,
192/248 aaa 09-07 19:04:31-09-07 19:04:32 At least 2.4 billion RMB.
193/248 de 09-07 19:04:31-09-07 19:04:38 From the effective date of the announcement on July 24, 2026...
194/248 09-07 19:04:32-09-07 19:04:42 In the 90 days from October 21st to this year,
195/248 bg 09-07 19:04:33-09-07 19:04:40 As long as you proactively declare and pay the taxes owed si...
196/248 aaa 09-07 19:04:34-09-07 19:04:36 You can waive the late fee.
197/248 n 09-07 19:04:34-09-07 19:04:36 But if you miss this window of opportunity,
198/248 hp 09-07 19:04:35-09-07 19:04:38 What awaits you is a daily 5% late fee.
199/248 xss 09-07 19:04:36-09-07 19:05:00 Equivalent to an annual average of 18.25%,
200/248 09-07 19:04:37-09-07 19:04:43 The amount of money can also face a maximum penalty five tim...
201/248 aaa 09-07 19:04:39-09-07 19:04:42 And the time span is unlimited.
202/248 09-07 19:04:40-09-07 19:04:43 According to statistics,
203/248 n 09-07 19:04:40-09-07 19:04:43 In 2023, the amount of money held in offshore trusts by high...
204/248 hp 09-07 19:04:41-09-07 19:04:43 Approximately 1.4 trillion yuan.
205/248 de 09-07 19:04:42-09-07 19:04:49 Years have passed.
206/248 bg 09-07 19:04:43-09-07 19:04:49 According to the latest estimates from a market research age...
207/248 aaa 09-07 19:04:44-09-07 19:04:49 The value is expected to reach around 2.3 trillion in 2026.
208/248 09-07 19:04:44-09-07 19:04:55 Between 2.7 trillion and 3 trillion yuan,
209/248 n 09-07 19:04:46-09-07 19:04:49 Here's another piece of information,
210/248 09-07 19:04:47-09-07 19:04:53 Trusts are divided into revocable and irrevocable types.
211/248 09-07 19:04:48-09-07 19:04:55 Revocable trust is a type of trust where the grantor retains...
212/248 hp 09-07 19:04:49-09-07 19:04:53 Can be undone at any time.
213/248 bg 09-07 19:04:50-09-07 19:04:53 Get the money back,
214/248 aaa 09-07 19:04:50-09-07 19:04:53 In simple terms, it means you can cancel at any time.
215/248 n 09-07 19:04:51-09-07 19:04:55 This would then be considered legally as not having truly co...
216/248 de 09-07 19:04:53-09-07 19:05:06 Therefore, this type of trust is an irrevocable and unchalle...
217/248 09-07 19:04:54-09-07 19:05:00 Once the property is loaded,
218/248 hp 09-07 19:04:55-09-07 19:05:00 Completely relinquish control and revocation rights of this ...
219/248 bg 09-07 19:04:56-09-07 19:05:00 That is, actually giving money to the trustee.
220/248 aaa 09-07 19:04:56-09-07 19:05:00 Because this is irreversible,
221/248 09-07 19:04:57-09-07 19:05:06 Therefore, it can truly establish a defense against the wall...
222/248 n 09-07 19:04:58-09-07 19:05:00 Achieve a divorce without dividing assets and property.
223/248 09-07 19:05:00-09-07 19:05:06 So, over the past twenty years...
224/248 bg 09-07 19:05:01-09-07 19:05:06 The top wealthy people in China are all using irrevocable tr...
225/248 hp 09-07 19:05:01-09-07 19:05:06 According to the Ministry of Finance's announcement on 21st,
226/248 09-07 19:05:02-09-07 19:05:06 You've blocked this road for me.
227/248 n 09-07 19:05:03-09-07 19:05:06 Because the notice follows a principle of substance over for...
228/248 aaa 09-07 19:05:04-09-07 19:05:06 Whether your trust agreement is revocable or irrevocable,
229/248 xss 09-07 19:05:06-09-07 19:05:26 As long as you still have control over this asset,
230/248 bg 09-07 19:05:07-09-07 19:05:13 Therefore, they are still considered tax residents.
231/248 aaa 09-07 19:05:07-09-07 19:05:13 Whether through serving as a director of an offshore company...
232/248 09-07 19:05:08-09-07 19:05:13 Write a private message to me,
233/248 09-07 19:05:09-09-07 19:05:13 I understand.
234/248 n 09-07 19:05:10-09-07 19:05:13 This type of application is done remotely, in secret.
235/248 hp 09-07 19:05:10-09-07 19:05:13 As long as this property is still under your control.
236/248 de 09-07 19:05:12-09-07 19:05:21 So, the irrevocable trust is a matter of...
237/248 09-07 19:05:13-09-07 19:05:21 In the eyes of tax authorities, it's as if nothing happened.
238/248 bg 09-07 19:05:14-09-07 19:05:21 Over the past two decades,
239/248 09-07 19:05:16-09-07 19:05:21 Chinese tycoons believe that the rules have loopholes,
240/248 09-07 19:05:17-09-07 19:05:21 But now the rules of the game have changed.
241/248 aaa 09-07 19:05:18-09-07 19:05:21 As long as your money is rooted in the soil of China,
242/248 hp 09-07 19:05:18-09-07 19:05:21 Then you have to fulfill your tax obligations.
243/248 n 09-07 19:05:19-09-07 19:05:26 This might be the most shocking moment of this trust storm i...
244/248 bg 09-07 19:05:21-09-07 19:05:26 No incidents occurred.
245/248 09-07 19:05:22-09-07 19:05:26 Simple but not simple.
246/248 09-07 19:05:23-09-07 19:05:26 Thank you for watching.
247/248 hp 09-07 19:05:24-09-07 19:05:26 9 minutes, immediately.
248/248 aaa 09-07 19:05:24-09-07 19:05:26 See you next time.